Animal Cognition

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=2 height=140 BGCOLOR="#9966CC" TEXT="#080000" bgproperties="fixed" background="04100a20ezthtv.gif"> <div> <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Kings Psychology Network"><U><B>home</B></U></A><B>     |     </B><FONT SIZE="5" COLOR="#000099" FACE="Papyrus" ><I><B>King's Psychology Network</B></I></FONT></div> <div> <A HREF="id32.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Lessons Handouts"><U>Lessons & Handouts</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id154.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Download able Adobe PDF Handouts"><U>Download able  Adobe PDF Handouts</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id239.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Assignments for Psychology 201 Classes"><U>Assignments for Psychology 201 Classes</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id240.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Assignments for Psychology 202 Classes"><U>Assignments for Psychology 202 Classes</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id258.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ExaminationsPsy 201"><U>Examinations-Psy 201</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id254.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ExaminationsPsy 202"><U>Examinations-Psy 202</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id29.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Overview of Psychology"><U>Overview of Psychology</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id19.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="History of Psychology"><U>History of Psychology</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id46.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Psychohistory: St. Thomas Aquinas"><U>Psychohistory: St. Thomas Aquinas</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id36.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Enteric Nervous System: The Brain in"><U>The Enteric Nervous System: The Brain in the Gut</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id42.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="The Role of Evolutionary Theory in Descr"><U>The Role of Evolutionary Theory in Describing Sexual Behavior</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id177.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Work Motivation"><U>Work Motivation</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id178.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="EmotionExercise Physical Arousal"><U>Emotion-Exercise & Physical Arousal</U></A>   |   <A HREF="id201.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="Meditation"><U>Meditation</U></A>   |   <B>Animal Cognition</B>   |   <A HREF="id224.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="WaterBenefits Effects"><U>Water-Benefits & Effects</U></A></div> <div> <B>Animal Cognition</B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=210 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <IMG SRC="489adbd0.gif" border=0 width="173" height="189" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Sue Savage-Rumbaugh & Kanzi, Language Research Center, Georgia State University</div> <div> <B><IMG SRC="488a9d20.jpg" border=0 width="169" height="210" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></B></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Rob Shumaker, Director, Orang-utan Language Project, Think Tank, National Zoo, Smithsonian Institution, speaking at NVCC-Loudoun, Psychology Fair, Spring 2001</div> <bR> <div> <IMG SRC="0618f450.jpg" border=0 width="143" height="325" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></div> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> Irene Pepperberg speaking at the National Institute on the Teaching of Psychology January 2001, St. Petersburg Beach, Fl</div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" height=340 BGCOLOR="#CCFF66" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>Historical Overview of the Study of Animal Cognition</B></div> <bR> <div> <B>Early Pioneers</B></div> <bR> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Charles Darwin (1871) - the first person to suggest the possible continuity of cognitive processes </div> <div>       among different species. ( See Darwin, C. (1871), <I>The descent of man and selection in relation to</I> </div> <div> <I>      sex.</I>  London: Murray.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">According to Darwin, “The difference in mind between man and the higher animals; great as it is, </div> <div>       certainly is one of degree and not of kind” (Darwin, 1871, p.128).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The mechanisms responsible for evolution shaped not only a species’ anatomical characteristics</div> <div>       but also its psychological traits, called “mental faculties” by Darwin.  He referred to “faculties” as </div> <div>       curiosity, imitation, attention, memory, and reasoning. (Vauclair, 1996, p.2).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Even though Darwin accepted the existence of “beliefs” in animal species equivalent to those found</div> <div>       in humans, he remained cautious about attributing language and consciousness to any higher-order</div> <div>       nonhuman species. (Vauclair, 1996, p.2.)</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Nevertheless, he considered that some elements of language were already present in animal </div> <div>       communication (bird songs and primate vocalizations) and that those elements, when combined </div> <div>       with novel mental abilities, would inevitably lead to human language. (Vauclair, 1996, p.2).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Because Rene Descartes believed animals to be machines, Darwin’s emphasis on continuity </div> <div>       among all species brought some “humanity” back to the animals.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">More important, his ideas have made the study of animal behavior an essential tool for understanding </div> <div>       human behavior.  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">According to Vauclair (1996): “In effect, if one accepts that the human species is the product of </div> <div>       some ancestral nonhuman forms, then the study of animals’ mental functions becomes indispensable</div> <div>       for understanding the biological precursors of the human mind. (P.2).</div> <div>      </div> <bR> <div> <B><U>George Romanes</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He placed animal mental functions within the context of learning abilities.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">According to Romanes, an organism can make novel adjustments or change old adaptations as a </div> <div>       result of its experience.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He was the first to investigate systematically the comparative psychology of intelligence using an </div> <div>       anecdotal method.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">This interest in learning capacities was further developed by other comparative psychologists, </div> <div>       including Morgan (1894), Loeb (1900), Washburn (1908), Jennings (1906), Thorndike (1911), </div> <div>       and Yerkes (1911).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>C.L. Morgan</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Wrote a book on:<B> The animal mind.</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Warned against the danger of interpreting an action by reference to a higher mental faculty when it might</div> <div>       be explained by a lower-order schema.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Wrote about observations made on his dog when his dog learned to lift the latch of the garden gate</div> <div>       and let himself out.  Attempted to outline the process or steps leading to an “intelligent” behavior.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Ivan Pavlov</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Discovered the conditioned response.  We use the term “Classical Conditioning.”</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Also winner of the 1904 Nobel Laureate in Medicine in recognition of his work on the physiology of </div> <div>       digestion, “through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged.”   </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">(1849-1936).  Born in Ryazan Russia. Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia).  Affiliated with the </div> <div>       Institute of Experimental Medicine and the Military Medical Academy (St. Petersburg).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion.  Definitive work and lectures on conditioned reflexes.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Edward L. Thorndike</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Conducted the first empirical and theoretical analyses of animal learning. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Pioneered the use of “puzzle boxes” and “mazes” to study species such as rabbits, cats, and rats.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He was a psychologist, born in Williamsburg, MA. Studied at Wesleyan University and Harvard. </div> <div>       Taught at Teachers College at Columbia University, where he worked on educational psychology </div> <div>       and the psychology of animal learning.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">As a result of studying animal intelligence, he formulated his famous “law of effect,” which states </div> <div>       that a given behavior is learned by trial- and- error, and is more likely to occur if its consequences </div> <div>       are satisfying.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">His works include <B>Psychology of learning</B> (1914) and<B> The measurement of intelligence </B>(1926).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Robert Mearns Yerkes</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1876-1956.  American psychobiologist, noted for his studies of the anthropoid apes.  He was an </div> <div>       authority on experimental primate psychology.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Born in Pennsylvania and educated at Ursinus College and Harvard University.       </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Taught at Harvard (1902-1917) and the University of Minnesota (1917-1919). Yale University (1924-1944).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Was in charge of psychological testing for the armed forces during WWI.  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Was chairman of the research information service of the National Research Council until 1924.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In 1929, Yerkes organized the Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology, Inc., at Orange Park, Florida.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He wrote : <B>The mental life of monkeys and apes </B>(1916); <B>The mind of a Gorilla</B> (1927); and <B>Chimpanzees: </B></div> <div> <B>      A laboratory colony</B> (1943).</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Wolfgang Kohler</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Developed first cognitive analysis of learning in animals.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A psychologist trained at the University of Berlin.  Was working at a primate research facility maintained</div> <div>       by the Prussian Academy of Sciences on Tenerife in the Canary Islands when the WWI broke out.  </div> <div>       Marooned there, he had at his disposal a large outdoor pen and nine chimpanzees of various ages.  </div> <div>       The pen, described by Kohler as a playground, was provided with a variety of objects, including boxes, </div> <div>       poles, and sticks, with which the primates could experiment.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Kohler set the chimps a variety of problems, each of which involved obtaining food that was not</div> <div>       directly accessible.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Kohler discovered that chimpanzees readily find indirect routes to goals when necessary.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>E.C. Tolman</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1886-1959.  Was the first researcher to prove that rats can plan novel behavior.  Tolman was</div> <div>       the first to discover that rats had the ability to form a “cognitive map” of a maze.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Konrad Lorenz</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Was Austria’s most famous scientist, held doctorates in medicine, zoology and psychology.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Played a key role in the development of the ethological study of animal behavior. Conducted studies </div> <div>       on the organization of individual and group behavior patterns.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Discovered “imprinting” a rapid and nearly irreversible learning process occurring early in life. </div> <div>       He found that young animals become strongly attached to their biological mothers, but that the process </div> <div>       30 hours will usually not imprint.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Imprinting is primarily triggered by visual cues and auditory stimuli. It is cue specific and relies on a </div> <div>       hierarch of remembered stimuli.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize for his pioneering studies of human and animal behavior, along with</div> <div>       Karl von Frisch and Nikolaas Tinbergen.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Lorenz turned to research in animal behavior shortly after obtaining his medical degree.  </div> <div>       He had become an animal lover as a child, collecting a variety of animals at his expansive boyhood </div> <div>       home outside Vienna.  The collection included fish, dogs, monkeys, insects and especially ducks and geese.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">His first studies was on the social life of birds.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">One of his most controversial publications was the 1966 study, “On Aggression,” in which he </div> <div>       asserted that aggressive impulses are to some degree innate, drawing on analogies between </div> <div>       human and animal behavior.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Later best-selling books included: <B>The Eight Deadly Sins of Civilized</B> <B>Humanity,</B> a plea </div> <div>       against overpopulation and environmental destruction; and, <B>The Decay of the Humane</B>, a gloomy look </div> <div>       at humankind’s future which sold 390,000 copies.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Taught at Immanuel Kant University in Koenigsberg and at the University of Vienna.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Died in April 1989 at 85 years.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Karl von Frisch</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1886-1982.  Austrian zoologist.  Lived in Germany.  Worked at the Zoology Institute at the University</div> <div>       of Munich.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Known for his pioneering work in comparative behavioral psychology, particularly his studies of the</div> <div>       complex communication between insects.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in medicine with Lorenz and Tinbergen.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">An important implication of his work is that behavioral continuity exists between animal communication </div> <div>       and human language. He switched to working on honey bees early in the century.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Nikolaas Tinbergen</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Dutch/British zoologist noted for his studies of animal behavior.  He was born in the Netherlands (Hague).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He shared the nobel prize with Lorenz and von Frisch for his work in reviving and developing the science</div> <div>       of animal behavior.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Began his studies of animal behavior as a child.  Was educated and taught at the Leiden University and </div> <div>       then joined the faculty at the University of Oxford, England.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Published a book The Herring Gull’s World (1960) in which he describes his studies with gulls for which</div> <div>       he is best known, including an examination of food-begging techniques.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">His studies of the display behavior of certain species revealed that such displays result from a state </div> <div>       of conflict between opposing motivations (fight or flee).  He also clarified the evolutionary origins of</div> <div>       many social signals and their subsequent ritualization.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Verd0cc0009500f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="16" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Beatrix Gardner studied under Tinbergen.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>W. H. Furness</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Reported to the American Philosophical Society in 1916 that he had taught an orangutan, the </div> <div>       Asian great ape, to say the words “pap” and “cup.” His orangutan died from a high fevere while </div> <div>       saying “papa cup” over and over.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>J.B. Watson</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Watson firmly condemned the studies of early comparative psychologists and their attempts to</div> <div>       describe the life of animals in its totality, including animal consciousness.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Proposed a descriptive approach.  Believed that the study of animal behavior should be limited</div> <div>       to relations between environmental stimulations and reactions of organisms to those stimulations.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>B.F. Skinner</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Originated important ideas about behaviorism and operant conditioning.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A major figure in the field of behaviorism and is considered to be the father of operant conditioning.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">With pigeons, he developed the ideas of “operant conditioning, “shaping behavior,” and “reinforcement.”    </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Operant conditioning is a term Skinner applied to a process in which learning or behavioral change </div> <div>       takes place as a result of reinforcing (rewarding) the desired behavior and withholding the reward or </div> <div>       actively punishing undesired behaviors.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Examples are teaching a dog new tricks, and rewarding behavior change in mental patients.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B>Current Pioneers</B></div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Jane Goodall</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Jane has spent more than 35 years studying the ways of chimpanzees in the wild.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She was born in London on April 3, 1934 and grew up on the southern coast of England.  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She began studying chimpanzees in the wild in Gombe, Tanzania in 1960.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She received her doctorate in ethology at Cambridge University.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She founded the Gombe Stream Research Center for the study of chimpanzees and baboons.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In 1975 she established the Jane Goodall Institute for Wildlife Research, Education, and conservation</div> <div>       to promote animal research throughout the world.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She has written many books and articles on her work, including <B>In the</B> <B>Shadow of Man</B> and <B>Reason</B></div> <div> <B>      for Hope: A Spiritual Journey</B>.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Goodall was named Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II.  She also received</div> <div>       the prestigious Kyoto Prize in Basic Science and the National Geographical Society’s Hubbard Award </div> <div>       for distinction in research, exploration and discovery.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Dian Fossey</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">1932-1985.  An American zoologist who became the world’s leading authority on the mountain </div> <div>       gorilla. Completed her doctoral work at University of Cambridge in England.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Persuaded by Louis Leakey to study the Gorrila, she established the Karisoke Research Center in 1967 </div> <div>       and began a hermitlike existence in Rwanda’s Virunga Mountains, which was one of the last bastions of </div> <div>       the endangered mountain gorilla.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Through patient effort, Fossey was able to observe the animals and accustom them to her presence, and </div> <div>       the data she gathered greatly enlarged contemporary knowledge of the gorilla’s habits, communication,</div> <div>       and social structure.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In 1980, she returned to the U.S. to accept a visiting professorship at  Cornell University.  While teaching, </div> <div>       she completed her book, <B>Gorillas in the Mist (1983).</B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She was actively involved in stopping poachers from harming the wild animals.  On December 16, 1985, </div> <div>       her slain body was found near her campsite.  It is assumed she was killed by poachers against whom she </div> <div>       had struggled for so long.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">First she adopted the strategy of sneakingup silently on the gorillas and quietly observing.   Later, though, </div> <div>       she changed her approach by announcing her presence and by imitating their sounds.  After six months </div> <div>       she was able to approach some of the groups as close as thirty feet.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The life of mountain gorillas was recorded in detain by Fossey.  The group is usually a tightly-knit </div> <div>       family consisting of an adult male leader, his adult brother, or nephew, and a few adult females and</div> <div>       their children.  They move and feed together, rarely separated by more than a hundred feet.  The children</div> <div>       are treated very tenderly by even the largest of males.  The adult males are often referred to as </div> <div>       “silverbacks” because the fur on their backs turn gray as they age.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Keith and Catherine Hayes</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In the late 1940s psychologist Keith Hayes and his wife, Catherine, home raised a newborn chimpanzee</div> <div>       named Viki.  After six years of intensive and creative vocal training, Viki could whisper four words: </div> <div>       “mama,” “papa,” “cup,” and “up.”  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">These were all made with a heavy and largely voiceless chimpanzee accent.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Allen and Beatrix Gardner</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Conducted pioneering work and study on the linguistic capabilities of apes.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Used the technique of cross-fostering; that is, raising apes in a natural environment as if they were children.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Best known for the innovation of teaching sign language to cross-fostered chimps which began with</div> <div>       Project Washoe in 1966.  Washoe was taught a form of American Sign Language.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Gardners replicated and extended Project Washoe with four other chimpanzees, Moja, Pili, Tatu</div> <div>       and Dar who lived like human children from birth.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Beatrix died suddenly on June 5, 1995, in Padua, Italy while on a European lecture tour.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">So far the Gardners have only reported main outlines of the extensive records of their 5 subjects.  </div> <div>       They have created more than 35,000 pages of handwritten notes and many hours of film and videotape.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Univeristy of Nevado, Reno has established the UNR Primate Research Fund in her memory.  </div> <div>       Write to UNR Foundation, Beatrix Gardner Memorial Fund, Mailstop 162, Reno, NV 89557.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Roger and Debbie Fouts</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Currently at Central Washington University’s Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute (CHCI).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Roger Fouts is Co-director of the Institute and Professor of Psychology and a Distinguished </div> <div>       Research Professor at CWU.  His background is in experimental psychology and comparative </div> <div>       psychology with a specialty in animal behavior (ethology). He specializes in primate behavior, </div> <div>       particularly chimpanzee behavior.  He has published more than 70 scientific articles and books.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">His famous book on his work over 30 years is<B> Next of Kin</B>, about his work with Washoe.  Fouts also </div> <div>       houses and works with Loulis, Dar, Moja, and Tatu, all originally cross-fostered by Allen and Beatrix Gardner.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Roger and Debbie Founts founded Friends of Washoe, a non-profit organization dedicated to the welfare </div> <div>       of chimpanzees and other fellow animals. In 1992, they founded the Chimpanzee and Human </div> <div>       Communication Institute (CHCI) at CWU.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Recent research at the CHCI has focused on the private signing of the chimpanzees, imaginary play </div> <div>       and signing, chimpanzee to chimpanzee conversations, conversation repair, representational drawing,</div> <div>       and the symbolic representation of spatial relations with ASL signs.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Foutses are beginning a new research direction and will be studying four different free-living </div> <div>       communities of chimpanzees in Africa to record and analyze their behavior for gestural dialects.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>John C. Lilly</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Is a physician and psychoanalyst specializing in biophysics, neurophysiology, electronics, computer </div> <div>       theory, and neuroanatomy.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He is inventor of the isolation tank method of exploring consciousness.  This work led him to </div> <div>       interspecies communication research projects between man and dolphin.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Did early controversial work on dolphin’s ability to talk.  Go to his web page to listen to the dolphin </div> <div>       Peter say “hello” at: <A HREF="http://deoxy.org/lilly.htm." TARGET="_top" TITLE="http://deoxy.org/lilly.htm."><U><U>http://deoxy.org/lilly.htm.</U></U></A></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Lilly has spent 23 years working with dolphins. He founded the Human/Dolphin Foundation.  His lab is </div> <div>       in the Virgin Islands.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Ken Marten</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Project Delphis is a conservation effort to save wild dolphins, as well as a dolphin behavior and</div> <div>       cognition research project.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Their purpose is to save the dolphins in the ocean from the holocaust they are currently experiencing</div> <div>       by learning everything about their intelligence and sharing these finds with the global public in an effort </div> <div>       to raise their understanding and awareness.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The are located at Sea Life Park in Honolulu, Hawaii where they have an underwater viewing laboratory</div> <div>       and conduct research on perception and self-consciousness.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Ken Marten is the principal investigator at Project Delphis.  He is an experienced animal cognition </div> <div>       researcher and former observer on purse-seine tuna boats.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Louis Herman</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Founded the Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Laboratory (KBMML) in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1969.  It</div> <div>       was conceived as a research and educational facility dedicated to the laboratory and field study of</div> <div>       dolphin and whale behavior, including species resident in Hawaiin waters.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">It is the only facility of its kind devoted entirely to the study of dolphin cognition, communication, </div> <div>       and intelligence.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Dolphin Institute was founded in 1993 by Louis Herman and Adam Pack and several friends of the </div> <div>       25 year old Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal lab. It is an evolution of KBMML.  TDI is relocating to a new </div> <div>       site because the Hawaiian government has asked the KBMML to relocate its facilities to another area</div> <div>       to make room for an expansion of Kewalo Basin Park.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Herman is a pioneer in studies of dolphin perception, intelligence, concept formation, and </div> <div>       language competencies.  He also pioneered KBMML’s studies of the social organization and </div> <div>       behavior, migratory habits, mating strategies, and communication systems of North Pacific humpback </div> <div>       whales, in Hawaii and southeast Alaska.  </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Herman is a tenured professor at the University of Hawaii with appointments in Psychology </div> <div>       and Oceanography.  He oversees all operations of the laboratory. </div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>H. Lyn Miles</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">A biocultural anthropologist interested in the evolution of human symbol systems, how cultural processes</div> <div>       interact with language and evolution, and what orangutans can tell us about language and intelligence.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She cross-fostered Chantek and began her work with him at 9 months of age in a trailer on the campus </div> <div>       of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. She taught him the human culture and American Sign</div> <div>       Language. Chantek had a pet squirrel and cat; asked to go for car rides to the lake, park and fast food</div> <div>       restaurants, and even went to the circus.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Chantek has a vocabulary of over 150 signs after several years and comprehends the spoken English</div> <div>       language.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Founded the Chantek Foundation to support cultural research with Chantek, an orangutan that Lyn has </div> <div>       been working with for more than 20 years.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The foundation seeks support to understand the nature of orangutan communicative ability and intelligence,</div> <div>       to foster the development of orangutan and other great ape persons in a primate cultural center and to</div> <div>       promote orangutan conservation through awareness.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">In 1986, Project Chantek moved to the Division of Behavioral Biology at the Yerkes Regional Primate</div> <div>       Research Center, and in 1997, Project Chantek moved to Zoo Atlanta where Dr. Miles’ research with </div> <div>       Chantek continues.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Lyn Miles received her PH.D. in Anthropology from the University of Connecticut.  Also did course work </div> <div>       at Yale University and the Unviersity of Oklahoma.  She is currently professor of Anthropology at the </div> <div>       University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Senior Research Fellow at Zoo Atlanta.  She lives in </div> <div>       Atlanta since 1993.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She is co-editor of <I><B>The Mentality of Gorillas and Orangutans.</B></I>  She is currently working on a book,</div> <div>       <I><B>Chantek: The Enculturated Orangutan</B></I>.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She teaches courses in physical anthropology, primate behavior, ape language, and cognitive and linguistic anthropology.</div> <bR> <div>  <B><U>Sally Boysen</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Has been studying primate cognition at Ohio State University for more than 20 years.  She received her</div> <div>       Ph.D. in 1984 from Ohio State.    </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Her current research interests are animal cognition, with particular interst in the acquisition of counting</div> <div>      abilities and numerical competence in nonhuman primates, cognitive development in great apes, </div> <div>      including attribution, self-recognition, and intentional behavior, and social behavior and tool use in </div> <div>      captive lowland gorillas.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She has conducted collaborative research with Gary Berntson on the application of non-invasive psycho</div> <div>       physiological measures to attention and cognition in primates, and cardiac indices of visual and auditory</div> <div>       recognition in the great apes.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She is currently raising money to build a new primate research facility on the Ohio State campus.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Her chimpanzees live in elaborate furnished facilities with chairs and the furnishings of a home or apartment.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Francine G. “Penny” Patterson</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">For 25 years, Francine Patterson has been communicating with Koko, a gorilla.   She began to study communication</div> <div>       with Koko by means of sign language in 1972.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She received her doctorate in developmental psychology from Stanford University in 1979.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She founded and is President of the Gorilla Foundation which serves as a trust on behalf of Koko </div> <div>       and the other gorillas she works with. Founded in 1976, the Gorilla Fouondation promotes study and</div> <div>       preservation of gorillas and other endangered primates.  “Project Koko,” is a primary focus of the </div> <div>       foundation and focuses on gaining insights into the mind of another species through language.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">There were originally three gorillas at the Foundation, Koko, Michael and Ndume.  Michael recently </div> <div>       died in April.  Koko is still mourning Michael’s death.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Koko’s and Michael’s art is world renowned. </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The Gorilla Foundation will soon be moving its home to Maui, Hawaii, where ground breaking ceremonies</div> <div>       will take place on October 12, 2000 for the Allan G. Sanford Sanctuary, a unique refuge for these primates.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The sanctuary will be part of the Koko Preserve, which will also encompass the high-tech Koko visitor </div> <div>       center and will allow for live virtual interactions with Koko and observation of her family via virtual viewing</div> <div>       of the sanctuary.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Irene M. Pepperberg</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Works with the parrot, Alex. Interested in avian communication.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Since 1977, Dr. Pepperberg’s studies in Ethology and animal-human communications have provided </div> <div>       insight into the capabilities of parrots to talk and to understand. Interested in interspecies communication </div> <div>       and conceptual behavior.</div> <div>  </div> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She currently works with 3 Congo African Grey Parrots.  Alex, the oldest, can count, identify objects, </div> <div>       shapes, colors and materials. Alex also knows the concepts of same and different.  They have now </div> <div>       begun to work with phonics and there is evidence to believe that one day Alex may be able to read.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Pepperberg believes that her work has far reaching implications:</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Studies of avian versus mammalian brain function: Given that the avian brain can process </div> <div>       information in similar ways, Dr. Pepperberg’s procedures may assist clinicians who are </div> <div>       devising programs for brain-damaged humans.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Programs for teaching language to dysfunctional children: Dr. Pepperberg’s training techniques </div> <div>       are being used for developmentally delayed children.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Targeting parrots for wildlife conservation initiatives: If parrots are as intelligent as chimpanzees</div> <div>       and dolphins, shouldn’t we make the same attempts to save them and their habitat as we are </div> <div>       making for these other species?</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Dr. Pepperberg is currently associate professor in the department of ecology and evolutionary biology at</div> <div>       the University of Arizona at Tucson, with a joint appointment in Department of Psychology and an affiliate</div> <div>       in the program in neuroscience.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> <B><U>Frans B. M. De Waal</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Was trained as an ethologist in the European tradition.  He received his Ph.D. from the University of Utrecht </div> <div>       in 1977.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">After a six-year study of the chimpanzee colony at the Arnhem Zoo, he moved to the U.S. in 1981 to work </div> <div>       on other primate species, including bonobos.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He is a research professor at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Candler Professor of </div> <div>       Primate Behavior, Professor of Psychology, and Director of the Living Links Center at Emory University </div> <div>       in Atlanta.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He is a world-renowned primatologist.  He has authored several books, including Chimpanzee Politics</div> <div>       (1982); Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (1996); and </div> <div>       Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (1997).</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He has also published on the sexual habits of Bonobos and their sense of self-esteem.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Matsuzawa Tetsuro</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Works at the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University in Japan.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Works with the chimpanzee, Ai.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"> Uses lexigrams to study language abilities in chimpanzees.  Ai has learned to write the alphabets.</div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Rob Shumaker</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Coordinates the Orang utan Language Project (OLP) at the National Zoo’s think tank.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Orangs cross overhead between the Great Ape House and the Think Tank building via tall towers and</div> <div>       long vinyl-covered cables.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Shumaker is teaching the orangs a language composed of abstract symbols.  He also focuses on how</div> <div>       their knowledge of this language will be transferred and possibly taught to other orangs not instructed </div> <div>       by trainers.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">The language is a computer based form designed by Shumaker and centered on abstract symbols that</div> <div>       each represents a word.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Words are broken down into seven categories: food, activities (verbs), adjectives, non-food objects, </div> <div>       human names, orang names, and  numbers.  Each category has a distinct exterior shape.  For example,</div> <div>       food items are characterized by rectangles.  Verb activities are defined by diamond shapes.  </div> <div>                                                                                                                 </div> <div> <B><U>Marc Hauser</U></B></div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Professor of Psychology at Harvard University in the Department of Psychology. Conducts primate research.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He and his colleagues have found that monkeys such as the cotton-top tamarin can distinguish between</div> <div>       two languages, an ability once thought to be exclusively human.   </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Hauser believes that humans inherited the ability to process speech from ancestors that they have in</div> <div>       common with monkeys and apes.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">He says that monkeys can tell the difference between Dutch and Japanese as easily as human infants.   </div> <bR> <div> <B><U>Sue Savage-Rumbaugh </U></B>    </div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sue Savage-Rumbaugh says that the ovearching goal of the research undertaken by her Center was</div> <div>       to develop technologies and teaching strategies designed to facilitate the learning of language by </div> <div>       persons with mental retardation.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">She has worked with a number of chimpanzees and is now working with the Bonobo ape-Kanzi and family.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Kanzi is a lab reared Bonobo and his training has led to his acquisition of linguistic and cognitive</div> <div>       abilities similar to a 2 year old.</div> <bR> <div> <IMG BORDER="0" SRC="Symb075c00b700f0cc006600.gif" HEIGHT="16" WIDTH="24" ALIGN="bottom" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0">Sue Savage-Rumbaugh does her work out of Georgia State University, Language Research Center.  </div> <div>       She is professor of biology and psychology.        </div> <bR> <DIV ALIGN="LEFT"></DIV> <div> _________________</div> <bR> <div> <B>Refererences     </B>   </div> <bR> <div> Barber, T.X. (1995). <B>The human nature of birds.</B>  New York: St. Martin’s Press.</div> <bR> <div> Bavidge, M. & I. Ground. (1994) <B>Can we understand animal minds?  </B>London: Bistol Classical Press.</div> <bR> <div> Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D., Eds. (1996).<B>  Readings in Animal Cognition</B>.  MA: MIT Press.</div> <bR> <div> Boysen, S.T. & E. J. Capaldi, Eds. (1993). <B>The Development of Numerical Competence, Animal and Human Models.</B>  New Jersey: Erlbaum.</div> <bR> <div> Byrne, R. (1995). <B>The Thinking ape: Evolutionary origins of intelligence.</B>  Cambridge: Oxford University Press.</div> <bR> <div> Cheney, D.L. & Seyfarth, R.M. (1990).  <B>How monkeys see the world : Inside the mind of another species.</B>  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</div> <bR> <div> Darwin, C. (1872).  <B>The expression of emotions in man and animals</B>. Appleton.</div> <bR> <div> Fouts, Roger S. &  S. Mills. (1997) <B>Next of kin: What chimpanzees have taught me about</B> <B>who we are.</B> New York: William Morrow.</div> <bR> <div> Goodall, J. (1990) <B>Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe.</B> Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.</div> <bR> <div> Gould, J.L. & C.G. Gould. (1994) <B>The animal mind</B>.  New York: Scientific American Library, W.H. Freeman.</div> <bR> <div> Griffin, Donald R. (1992) <B>Animal minds</B>.  Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.</div> <bR> <div> Masson, Jeffrey M. & S. McCarthy.  (1995).  <B>When elephants weep: The emotional lives of</B> <B>animals.</B>  New York: Bantam.</div> <bR> <div> Morton, Eugene S. & Jake Page.  (1992).  <B>Animal talk</B>.  New York: Random House.</div> <bR> <bR> <div> Parker, S.T., Mitchell, R.W. & H.L. Miles. Eds. (1999). <B>The mentality of gorillas and</B> <B>orangutans.</B>  Cambridge University Press, 1999.</div> <bR> <div> Patent, Dorothy Hinshaw.  (1990). <B>How smart are animals?</B>  San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.</div> <bR> <div> Patterson, F. & Linden, E.  <B>The education of Koko.</B>  New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston, 1981.</div> <bR> <div> Pearce, J.M. (1997).  <B>Animal learning and cognition, 2</B><B>nd</B><B> ed.</B> Hove: Psychology Press.</div> <bR> <div> Pryor, K. & K.S. Norris. Eds. (1991).  <B>Dolphin societies: Discoveries and puzzles.</B>  Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</div> <bR> <div> Ristau, C. (1991).  <B>Cognitive Ethology: The minds of other animals</B>.  New Jersey: Erlbaum.</div> <bR> <div> Romanes, G.J. (1883). <B>Animal intelligence</B>.  Appleton.</div> <bR> <div> Rumbaugh, D.M., ed. (1977).  <B>Language learning by a chimpanzee: The LANA Project. </B> New York: Academic Press. </div> <bR> <div> Savage-Rumbaugh, S. & R. Lewin. 1994.<B>  Kanzi: The ape at the brink of the human mind.</B>  New York: Wiley.</div> <bR> <div> Terrace.  H.S. (1979).<B> Nim.  </B>New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.</div> <bR> <div> Vauclair, J. (1996).  <B>Animal cognition</B>.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</div> <bR> <div> de Waal, Frans B.M. (1997).<B> Bonobos: The forgotten ape.</B>  Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</div> <bR> <div> _______. (1982). <B>Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes</B>.  New York: Harper and Row.</div> <bR> <div> _______. (1989) <B>Peacemaking among primates</B>.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</div> <div>                                                                                                                                                            <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#660099" FACE="Arial Narrow" >           </FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660099" FACE="Arial Narrow" >     </FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#660099" FACE="Verdana Ref" >                           </FONT><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#000000" FACE="Verdana Ref" >                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       </FONT></div> </td> </tr></table></body>